Transport Properties of One-Step Compression Molded Epoxy Nanocomposite Foams.

Owing to their high strength and stiffness, thermal and environmental stability, lower shrinkage, and water resistance, epoxy resins have been the preferred matrix for the development of syntactic foams using hollow glass microspheres. Although these foams are exploited in multiple applications, one of their issues is the possibility of breakage of the glass hollow microspheres during processing. Here, we present a straightforward and single-step foaming protocol using expandable polymeric microspheres based on the well-established compression molding process. We demonstrate the viability of the protocol producing two sets of nanocomposite foams filled with carbon-based nanoparticles with improved transport properties.

Monitoring the Phenolic Ripening of Red Grapes Using a Multisensor System Based on Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles.

The maturity of grapes is usually monitored by means of the sugar concentration. However, the assessment of other parameters such as the phenolic content is also important because the phenolic maturity has an important impact on the organoleptic characteristics of wines. In this work, voltammetric sensors able to detect phenols in red grapes have been developed. They are based on metal oxide nanoparticles (CeO2, NiO, and TiO2,) whose excellent electrocatalytic properties toward phenols allows obtaining sensors with detection limits in the range of 10-8 M and coefficients of variation lower than 7%. An electronic tongue constructed using a combination of the nanoparticle-based sensors is capable to monitor the phenolic maturity of red grapes from véraison to maturity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) can be successfully used to discriminate samples according to the ripeness. Regression models performed using Partial Least Squares (PLS-1) have established good correlations between voltammetric data obtained with the electrochemical sensors and the Total Polyphenolic Index, the Brix degree and the Total Acidity, with correlation coefficients close to 1 and low number of latent variables. An advantage of this system is that the electronic tongue can be used for the simultaneous assessment of these three parameters which are the main factors used to monitor the maturity of grapes. Thus the electronic tongue based on metal oxide nanoparticles can be a valuable tool to monitor ripeness. These results demonstrate the exciting possible applications of metal oxide nanoparticles in the field of electronic tongues.

Effects of Wet/Dry-Cycling and Plasma Treatments on the Properties of Flax Nonwovens Intended for Composite Reinforcing.

This research analyzes the effects of different treatments on flax nonwoven (NW) fabrics which are intended for composite reinforcement. The treatments applied were of two different kinds: a wet/dry cycling which helps to stabilize the cellulosic fibers against humidity changes and plasma treatments with air, argon and ethylene gases considering different conditions and combinations, which produce variation on the chemical surface composition of the NWs. The resulting changes in the chemical surface composition, wetting properties, thermal stability and mechanical properties were determined. Variations in surface morphology could be observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed significant changes to the surface chemistry for the samples treated with argon or air (with more content on polar groups on the surface) and ethylene plasma (with less content of polar groups). Although only slight differences were found in moisture regain and water retention values (WRV), significant changes were found on the contact angle values, thus revealing hydrophilicity for the air-treated and argon-treated samples and hydrophobicity for the ethylene-treated ones. Moreover, for some of the treatments the mechanical testing revealed an increase of the NW breaking force.

Un estridor para no temer / A not-to-fear stridor

Presentamos una rara patología laríngea conocida, entre otros nombres, como «movimiento vocal paradójico» (MVP), de causa no filiada formalmente pero susceptible de tener un importante componente psicógeno, aparte de algunos otros estímulos físicos, y que se traduce en una alteración funcional mediante inversión del ciclo inspiratorio glótico, con firme aducción inspiratoria y abducción espiratoria. Nuestro caso describe una paciente de 15 años que acudió al Servicio de Urgencias Hospitalario con disnea laríngea de 48 h de evolución, sin compromiso respiratorio vital ni claros antecedentes infeccioso-inflamatorios, pero sí de tipo psicológico. El MVP es una discinesia laríngea que se manifiesta con un estridor inspiratorio laríngeo con grado de obstrucción variable, y en el que la abducción glótica inspiratoria es reemplazada por aducción. En estos pacientes no suelen encontrarse lesiones laríngeas ni neurológicas. No existe una causa establecida, y se manejan teorías sobre todo psicopatológicas que incluyen trastornos conversivos, ansiedad, etc., aparte de algunos estímulos físicos. Durante la fase de diagnóstico y estudio de la paciente, toma de decisiones y puesta en práctica del tratamiento, nos damos cuenta de lo desconocido de la patología en nuestra actividad diaria, de las dudas suscitadas frente a su manejo y de la necesidad de actualizarnos y difundir esta entidad entre los profesionales que desarrollan su actividad en primera línea frente a esta patología, tanto el médico especialista en ORL como el logopeda (AU)

This article presents a rare laryngeal disorder known as paradoxical vocal cord movement (PVCM), among other names. This disorder has no established etiology, but may have a substantial psychogenic component, apart from some physical stimuli, and consists of a functional disorder due to an inverted respiratory cycle, with strong inspiratory glottic closure and a full expiratory opening phase. We describe the case of a 15-year-old woman who attended the hospital emergency service with 48-hour history of laryngeal dyspnea. She had no life-threatening or infectious-inflammatory symptoms, but did have some psychopathological antecedents. PVCM is a rare laryngeal dyskinesia that manifests as inspiratory laryngeal stridor with a variable degree of obstruction. In this disorder, glottic inspiratory abduction is replaced by adduction. In these patients, it is not usual to find laryngeal morphologic or neurological lesions. There is no clear established etiology. Several psychopathological theories have been proposed, including conversion reactions, anxiety, etc., in addition to certain physical stimuli. During the diagnostic phase, decision-making and treatment initiation, we became aware of the lack of knowledge of this disorder in daily practice, doubts about its management, and the need to update our knowledge and increase awareness of this entity among professionals in first-line contact with PVCM, primarily otorhinolaryngologists and speech therapists (AU)

Biomaterials from blends of fluoropolymers and corn starch-implant and structural aspects.

The development of polymeric blends to be used as matrices for bone regeneration is a hot topic nowadays. In this article we report on the blends composed by corn starch and poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, or poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene), P(VDF-TrFE), to obtain biocompatible materials. Blends were produced by compressing/annealing and chemically/structurally characterized by micro-Raman scattering and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopies, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), besides in vivo study to evaluate the tissue response. Vibrational spectroscopy reveals no chemical interaction between the polymers and starch, absence of material degradation due to compressing/annealing process or organism implantation, and maintenance of α and ferroelectric crystalline phases of PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE), respectively. As a consequence of absence of interaction between polymers and starch, it was possible to identify by SEM each material, with starch acting as filler. Elastic modulus (E') obtained from DMA measurement, independent of the material proportion used in blends, reaches values close to those of cancellous bone. Finally, the in vivo study in animals shows that the blends, regardless of the composition, were tolerated by cancellous bone.

Subcutaneous tissue reaction and cytotoxicity of polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene blends associated with natural polymers.

Cytotoxicity and subcutaneous tissue reaction of innovative blends composed by polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene associated with natural polymers (natural rubber and native starch) forming membranes were evaluated, aiming its applications associated with bone regeneration. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in mouse fibroblasts culture cells (NIH3T3) using trypan blue staining. Tissue response was in vivo evaluated by subcutaneous implantation of materials in rats, taking into account the presence of necrosis and connective tissue capsule around implanted materials after 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 60, and 100 days of surgery. The pattern of inflammation was evaluated by histomorphometry of the inflammatory cells. Chemical and morphological changes of implanted materials after 60 and 100 days were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Cytotoxicity tests indicated a good tolerance of the cells to the biomaterial. The in vivo tissue response of all studied materials showed normal inflammatory pattern, characterized by a reduction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and an increase in mononuclear leukocytes over the time (p < 0.05 Kruskal-Wallis). On day 60, microscopic analysis showed regression of the chronic inflammatory process around all materials. FTIR showed no changes in chemical composition of materials due to implantation, whereas SEM demonstrated the delivery of starch in the medium. Therefore, the results of the tests performed in vitro and in vivo show that the innovative blends can further be used as biomaterials.

Dynamic mechanical behavior of starch-based scaffolds in dry and physiologically simulated conditions: effect of porosity and pore size.

The three-dimensional scaffolds of a blend of starch and poly(L-lactic) acid, SPLA70, were produced using compression molding of polymer/salt mixture followed by leaching of salt. One series of scaffolds were prepared with varying polymer-to-salt ratio while keeping the salt size constant, and the other series of scaffolds were prepared with varying salt sizes while keeping the polymer-to-salt ratio constant. The X-ray microcomputed tomography and scanning electron microscopy assay were used to analyze the porous morphologies, porosity and distribution of porosity of the porous scaffolds. Salt-free and integrated SPLA70 scaffolds with porosities ranging from 74% to 82% and pore sizes of 125-250 to 500-1000 microm can be fabricated using the present fabrication technique. The water uptake of the SPLA70 scaffolds increases with increasing porosities and also with increasing pore size. In dry state, the storage modulus decreases with increasing porosity and also with increasing pore size. The normalized modulus values are related to normalized density of the scaffolds by a power-law function with an exponent between 2 and 3. For the immersed scaffolds under physiological conditions, the storage modulus was less dependent on porosity and pore size. However, the loss factor increased significantly compared with dry state measurements. The present study clearly shows that the mechanical performance of porous polymeric constructs in dry and in immersed state is completely different, and for comparison with biomechanical performance of tissues, the tests should ideally be performed in immersed state.

[Parotid pneumocele in Down's syndrome]. / Neumocele parotídeo en el síndrome de Down.

Pneumoparotiditis is related to the cause of an infrequent increase in the size of the parotid gland due to the entrance of air through the Stenon duct following an increase in the pressure in the oral cavity. It is observed in musicians who play wind instruments, glass blowers, patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic techniques, in adolescents that provoke it intentionally, and in mentally handicapped people as found in the clinical case reported here. The symptoms are usually non-specific and the diagnosis is confirmed with an axial tomography. The interest in this clinical case lies in the peculiar form of presentation and its diagnostic confirmation through the use of CT imaging.

Neumocele parotídeo en el síndrome de Down / Parotid pneumocele in Down's syndrome

La neumoparotiditis supone una causa infrecuente de aumento de tamaño de la glándula parótida debido a la entrada de aire por el conducto de Stenon secundaria al incremento de presión en la cavidad oral. Se observa en músicos de instrumentos de viento, sopladores de vidrio, pacientes sometidos a técnicas diagnósticas y/o terapéuticas y, de forma intencionada, en adolescentes y disminuidos psíquicos, como en el caso clínico que presentamos. La clínica suele ser inespecífica y el diagnóstico se confirma mediante tomografía computarizada. El interés del caso clínico radica en la particular forma de presentación y la confirmación diagnóstica mediante la imagen de la tomografía

Pneumoparotiditis is related to the cause of an infrequent increase in the size of the parotid gland due to the entrance of air through the Stenon duct following an increase in the pressure in the oral cavity. It is observed in musicians who play wind instruments, glass blowers, patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic techniques, in adolescents that provoke it intentionally, and in mentally handicapped people as found in the clinical case reported here. The symptoms are usually non-specific and the diagnosis is confirmed with an axial tomography. The interest in this clinical case lies in the peculiar form of presentation and its diagnostic confirmation through the use of CT imaging